CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 4

1. Introduction

One of the fundamental design principles of CSS is cascading, which allows several style sheets to influence the presentation of a document. When different declarations try to set a value for the same element/property combination, the conflicts must somehow be resolved.

The opposite problem arises when no declarations try to set a the value for an element/property combination. In this case, a value is be found by way of inheritance or by looking at the property’s initial value.

The cascading and defaulting process takes a set of declarations as input, and outputs a specified value for each property on each element.

The rules for finding the specified value for all properties on all elements in the document are described in this specification. The rules for finding the specified values in the page context and its margin boxes are described in [css-page-3].

1.1. Module Interactions

This section is normative.

This module replaces and extends the rules for assigning property values, cascading, and inheritance defined in [CSS2] chapter 6.

Other CSS modules may expand the definitions of some of the syntax and features defined here. For example, the Media Queries Level 4 specification, when combined with this module, expands the definition of the value type as used in this specification.

For the purpose of this specification, text nodes are treated as element children of their associated element, and possess the full set of properties; since they cannot be targetted by selectors all of their computed values are assigned by defaulting.

2. Importing Style Sheets: the @import rule

The @import rule allows users to import style rules from other style sheets. If an @import rule refers to a valid stylesheet, user agents must treat the contents of the stylesheet as if they were written in place of the @import rule, with two exceptions:

• If a feature (such as the @namespace rule) explicitly defines that it only applies to a particular stylesheet, and not any imported ones, then it doesn’t apply to the imported stylesheet.

• If a feature relies on the relative ordering of two or more constructs in a stylesheet (such as the requirement that @charset must not have any other content preceding it), it only applies between constructs in the same stylesheet.

For example, declarations in style rules from imported stylesheets interact with the cascade as if they were written literally into the stylesheet at the point of the @import. Similarly, style rules in a stylesheet imported into a scoped stylesheet are scoped in the same way.

Any @import rules must precede all other at-rules and style rules in a style sheet (besides @charset, which must be the first thing in the style sheet if it exists), or else the @import rule is invalid. The syntax of @import is:

@import [  |  ]
        [ supports( [  |  ] ) ]?
        ? ;

where the or gives the URL of the style sheet to be imported, and the optional [|] and (collectively, the import conditions) state the conditions under which it applies.

@import url("narrow.css") supports(display: flex) handheld and (max-width: 400px);

If a is provided, it must be interpreted as a with the same value.

@import "mystyle.css";
@import url("mystyle.css");

2.1. Conditional @import Rules

The import conditions allow the import to be media– or feature-support–dependent. In the absence of any import conditions, the import is unconditional. (Specifying all for the has the same effect.) If the import conditions do not match, the rules in the imported stylesheet do not apply, exactly as if the imported stylesheet were wrapped in @media and/or @supports blocks with the given conditions.

@import url("fineprint.css") print;
@import url("bluish.css") projection, tv;
@import url("narrow.css") handheld and (max-width: 400px);

User agents may therefore avoid fetching a conditional import as long as the import conditions do not match. Additionally, if a blocks the application of the imported style sheet, the UA must not fetch the style sheet (unless it is loaded through some other link) and must return null for the import rule’s CSSImportRule.styleSheet value (even if it is loaded through some other link).

@import url("fallback-layout.css") supports(not (display: flex));
@supports (display: flex) {
  ...
}

A corresponds to the media_query_list production and is interpreted as a media query, and a corresponds to a supports_condition production and is interpreted as an @supports condition. If a (a declaration production) is given in place of a , it must be interpreted as a supports_declaration_condition production (i.e. the extra set of parentheses is implied) and treated as a .

@import "mystyle.css" supports(display: flex);
@import "mystyle.css" supports((display: flex));

The evaluation and full syntax of the import conditions are defined by the Media Queries [MEDIAQ] and CSS Conditional Rules [CSS3-CONDITIONAL] specifications.

2.2. Processing Stylesheet Imports

When the same style sheet is imported or linked to a document in multiple places, user agents must process (or act as though they do) each link as though the link were to an independent style sheet.

Note: This does not place any requirements on resource fetching, only how the style sheet is reflected in the CSSOM and used in specs such as this one. Assuming appropriate caching, it is perfectly appropriate for a UA to fetch a style sheet only once, even though it’s linked or imported multiple times.

The origin of an imported style sheet is the origin of the style sheet that imported it.

The environment encoding of an imported style sheet is the encoding of the style sheet that imported it. [css-syntax-3]

2.3. Content-Type of CSS Style Sheets

The processing of imported style sheets depends on the actual type of the linked resource. If the resource does not have Content-Type metadata, or the host document is in quirks mode and has the same origin as the imported style sheet, the type of the linked resource is text/css. Otherwise, the type is determined from its Content-Type metadata.

If the linked resource’s type is text/css, it must be interpreted as a CSS style sheet. Otherwise, it must be interpreted as a network error.

3. Shorthand Properties

Some properties are shorthand properties, meaning that they allow authors to specify the values of several properties with a single property. A shorthand property sets all of its longhand sub-properties, exactly as if expanded in place.

When values are omitted from a shorthand form, unless otherwise defined, each “missing” sub-property is assigned its initial value.

h1 {
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 12pt;
  line-height: 14pt;
  font-family: Helvetica;
  font-variant: normal;
  font-style: normal;
}

h1 { font: bold 12pt/14pt Helvetica }

In some cases, a shorthand might have different syntax or special keywords that don’t directly correspond to values of its sub-properties. (In such cases, the shorthand will explicitly define the expansion of its values.)

In other cases, a property might be a reset-only sub-property of the shorthand: Like other sub-properties, it is reset to its initial value by the shorthand when unspecified, but the shorthand might not include syntax to set the sub-property to any of its other values. For example, the border shorthand resets border-image to its initial value of none, but has no syntax to set it to anything else. [css-backgrounds-3]

If a shorthand is specified as one of the CSS-wide keywords [css-values-3], it sets all of its sub-properties to that keyword, including any that are reset-only sub-properties. (Note that these keywords cannot be combined with other values in a single declaration, not even in a shorthand.)

Declaring a shorthand property to be !important is equivalent to declaring all of its sub-properties to be !important.

3.1. Aliasing

Properties sometimes change names after being supported for a while, such as vendor-prefixed properties being standardized. The original name still needs to be supported for compatibility reasons, but the new name is preferred. To accomplish this, CSS defines two different ways of “aliasing” old syntax to new syntax.

legacy name aliases

When the old property’s syntax is identical to or a subset of the value space of the new property’s syntax, the two names are aliased with an operation on par with case-mapping: at parse time, the old property is converted into the new property. This conversion also applies in the CSSOM, both for string arguments and property accessors: requests for the old property name transparently transfer to the new property name instead.

For example, if old-name is a legacy name alias for new-name, getComputedStyle(el).oldName will return the computed style of the newName property, and el.style.setPropertyValue("old-name", "value") will set the new-name property to "value".

legacy shorthands

When the old property has a distinct syntax from the new property, the two names are aliased using the shorthand mechanism. These shorthands are defined to be legacy shorthands, and their use is deprecated. They otherwise behave exactly as regular shorthands, except that the CSSOM will not use them when serializing declarations. [CSSOM]

For example, the page-break-* properties are legacy shorthands for the break-* properties (see CSS Fragmentation 3 §3.4 Page Break Aliases: the page-break-before, page-break-after, and page-break-inside properties).

Setting page-break-before: always expands to break-before: page at parse time, like other shorthands do. Similarly, if break-before: page is set, calling getComputedStyle(el).pageBreakBefore will return "always". However, when serializing a style block (see CSSOM 1 §5.7.2 Serializing CSS Values), the page-break-before property will never be chosen as the shorthand to serialize to, regardless of whether it or break-before was specified; instead, break-before will always be chosen.

3.2. Resetting All Properties: the all property

The all property is a shorthand that resets all CSS properties except direction and unicode-bidi. It only accepts the CSS-wide keywords. It does not reset custom properties [css-variables-1].

Note: The excepted CSS properties direction and unicode-bidi are actually markup-level features, and should not be set in the author’s style sheet. (They exist as CSS properties only to style document languages not supported by the UA.) Authors should use the appropriate markup, such as HTML’s dir attribute, instead. [css-writing-modes-3]