Wireless Sensor Network Protocol for Smart Parking Application Experimental Study on the Arduino Platform
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The paper presents an Arduino-based wireless sensor network to monitor parking lots using a non-standard low-power energy-balanced system. The event-driven routing protocol follows the hierarchical clustering philosophy. Energy is saved by minimising the number of transmissions needed to forward information to the base station. The smart sensor platform is build using the popular Arduino development platform, Sharp IR distance sensors and nRF24 low-power radio modules. Our practical results show that this platform is easy to use, but not the most appropriate platform to develop low-power wireless sensor network applications.
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Wireless Sensor Network Protocol for Smart Parking Application Experimental Study on the Arduino Platform
- 1. Wireless Sensor Network Protocol for Smart Parking Application Experimental Study on the Arduino Platform Ostiz L., Pita C., Doggen J.*, Dams T., Van Houtven P. *[email protected] September 25, 2012
- 2. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 2/27
- 3. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 3/27
- 4. Wireless Sensor Networks A wireless sensor network is a set of small autonomous sensor nodes which cooperate to solve a common application using some kind of perception of physical parameters. 4/27
- 5. Arduino Development Platform The Arduino development platform allow designers to develop electronic prototypes. The platform been gaining in popularity over the last years. The open-source community has 70000 registered users and an abundance of user submitted libraries. Ease of use is the main selling point. 5/27
- 6. Arduino meets WSN: Why? Typical WSN application require: Specialised software knowledge: e.g. TinyOS, Contiki Specialised hardware: TelosB, Z-Wave, XBee, DASH7 6/27
- 7. Arduino meets WSN: Why? Typical WSN application require: Specialised software knowledge: e.g. TinyOS, Contiki Specialised hardware: TelosB, Z-Wave, XBee, DASH7 The Arduino platform provides: Many well-documented software libraries for hardware interfacing A big existing user community Many options to share your own hardware and software designs 6/27
- 8. Arduino meets WSN: Why? Typical WSN application require: Specialised software knowledge: e.g. TinyOS, Contiki Specialised hardware: TelosB, Z-Wave, XBee, DASH7 The Arduino platform provides: Many well-documented software libraries for hardware interfacing A big existing user community Many options to share your own hardware and software designs Question: “Can we build a competitive WSN using the Arduino platform?” 6/27
- 9. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 7/27
- 10. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 8/27
- 11. Envisioned Application 9/27
- 12. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 10/27
- 13. Hardware Specifications Seeeduino development board: Atmel AVR ATmega328P nRF24L01 wireless interface: Nordic Semiconductor Sharp GP2Y0A21YK infra-red distance sensor 11/27
- 14. Arduino meets WSN: Sensing Our nodes are based on the Arduino compatible Seeeduino board. 12/27
- 15. Arduino meets WSN: Sensing Our nodes are based on the Arduino compatible Seeeduino board. Sensing: A sensor node detects cars in parking spots using an IR distance sensor. 12/27
- 16. Arduino meets WSN: Sensing Our nodes are based on the Arduino compatible Seeeduino board. Sensing: A sensor node detects cars in parking spots using an IR distance sensor. The values coming from the distance sensors is interpreted using our own sensor library. 12/27
- 17. Arduino meets WSN: Sensing Our nodes are based on the Arduino compatible Seeeduino board. Sensing: A sensor node detects cars in parking spots using an IR distance sensor. The values coming from the distance sensors is interpreted using our own sensor library. Multiple measurements are combined to confirm the presence of a car. 12/27
- 18. Arduino meets WSN: Communication The radio module: nRF24L01 (Nordic Semiconductor) Ultra low power 2.4GHz RF Transceiver Approximately half the power of a typical XBee RF Transceiver 13/27
- 19. Arduino meets WSN: Communication The radio module: nRF24L01 (Nordic Semiconductor) Ultra low power 2.4GHz RF Transceiver Approximately half the power of a typical XBee RF Transceiver Only Physical layer on-chip 13/27
- 20. Arduino meets WSN: Communication The radio module: nRF24L01 (Nordic Semiconductor) Ultra low power 2.4GHz RF Transceiver Approximately half the power of a typical XBee RF Transceiver Only Physical layer on-chip Partial Link-layer through an existing Arduino library (RF24 by Maniacbug) 13/27
- 21. Arduino meets WSN: Communication The radio module: nRF24L01 (Nordic Semiconductor) Ultra low power 2.4GHz RF Transceiver Approximately half the power of a typical XBee RF Transceiver Only Physical layer on-chip Partial Link-layer through an existing Arduino library (RF24 by Maniacbug) We implemented collision avoidance 13/27
- 22. Arduino meets WSN: Communication The radio module: nRF24L01 (Nordic Semiconductor) Ultra low power 2.4GHz RF Transceiver Approximately half the power of a typical XBee RF Transceiver Only Physical layer on-chip Partial Link-layer through an existing Arduino library (RF24 by Maniacbug) We implemented collision avoidance We implemented a cluster based Layer 3 protocol, very similar to the popular LEACH protocol. 13/27
- 23. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 14/27
- 24. Arduino Libraries Arduino software libraries make it straightforward for anyone to start embedded development. 15/27
- 25. Arduino Libraries Arduino software libraries make it straightforward for anyone to start embedded development. Used Arduino libraries Sharp GP2Y0A21YK infra-red distance sensor Maniacbug RF24 library Low-Power library 15/27
- 26. Arduino Libraries Arduino software libraries make it straightforward for anyone to start embedded development. Used Arduino libraries Sharp GP2Y0A21YK infra-red distance sensor Maniacbug RF24 library Low-Power library Developed Arduino libraries Cluster network library Detecting car library Node energy library 15/27
- 27. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 16/27
- 28. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 17/27
- 29. Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH) 1. Divide the network in clusters 18/27
- 30. Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH) 1. Divide the network in clusters 2. Election a temporary Cluster Head (CH) 18/27
- 31. Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH) 1. Divide the network in clusters 2. Election a temporary Cluster Head (CH) 3. The CH aggregates all sensor data and forwards it to the sink 18/27
- 32. Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH) 1. Divide the network in clusters 2. Election a temporary Cluster Head (CH) 3. The CH aggregates all sensor data and forwards it to the sink During operation we have two phases: 18/27
- 33. Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH) 1. Divide the network in clusters 2. Election a temporary Cluster Head (CH) 3. The CH aggregates all sensor data and forwards it to the sink During operation we have two phases: CH selection 18/27
- 34. Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (LEACH) 1. Divide the network in clusters 2. Election a temporary Cluster Head (CH) 3. The CH aggregates all sensor data and forwards it to the sink During operation we have two phases: CH selection Normal operation 18/27
- 35. Cluster Head Selection 1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 19/27
- 36. Cluster Head Selection 1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 19/27
- 37. Cluster Head Selection 1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels. 19/27
- 38. Cluster Head Selection 1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels. 4. Node with the most energy is selected as the new CH. 19/27
- 39. Cluster Head Selection 1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels. 4. Node with the most energy is selected as the new CH. 5. CH broadcasts the new CH ID to all SNs. 19/27
- 40. Cluster Head Selection 1. CH broadcasts an Energy Request message. 2. SNs measure their energy level and send it to the CH. 3. CH collects replies and compares energy levels. 4. Node with the most energy is selected as the new CH. 5. CH broadcasts the new CH ID to all SNs. 6. SNs update the CH ID at the same time. 19/27
- 41. Sensing and Communication Sensor node: 1. Check for parking lot status change 2. Send changes to the CH 3. Go to sleep 20/27
- 42. Sensing and Communication Sensor node: 1. Check for parking lot status change 2. Send changes to the CH 3. Go to sleep Cluster head: 1. Aggregate all sensor data. 2. Forward data to the sink. 3. Go to sleep 20/27
- 43. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 21/27
- 44. Experimental Study Evaluation and solutions to practical problems. Energy consumption Minimise energy consumption by maximising sleep time Power down external sensors 22/27
- 45. Experimental Study Evaluation and solutions to practical problems. Energy consumption Minimise energy consumption by maximising sleep time Power down external sensors Packet Loss Ratio Evaluation of packet loss ratio to ensure proper system operation 22/27
- 46. Experimental Study Evaluation and solutions to practical problems. Energy consumption Minimise energy consumption by maximising sleep time Power down external sensors Packet Loss Ratio Evaluation of packet loss ratio to ensure proper system operation Synchronisation ATmega328P internal oscillator: significant error margin between individual sensors Software based solution: recalibration in reference to CH 22/27
- 47. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 23/27
- 48. Future Work Further development of the proof-of-concept application Server-side data management Mobile phone application to search for vacant parking spots Embedded display module for in-car placement 24/27
- 49. Future Work Further development of the proof-of-concept application Server-side data management Mobile phone application to search for vacant parking spots Embedded display module for in-car placement Protocol enhancement Better scalability and security Location aware cluster head selection 24/27
- 50. Future Work Further development of the proof-of-concept application Server-side data management Mobile phone application to search for vacant parking spots Embedded display module for in-car placement Protocol enhancement Better scalability and security Location aware cluster head selection Clean up the code and allow other people to use it Better documentation Easy and working examples 24/27
- 51. Outline Introduction and Problem Statement System Design Envisioned Application Hardware Specifications Software Libraries WSN Protocol Design System Operation Experimental Study Future Work Conclusion 25/27
- 52. Conclusion We implemented an event-driven, hierarchical WSN clustering protocol with an energy-aware CH selection algorithm similar to the LEACH protocol. 26/27
- 53. Conclusion We implemented an event-driven, hierarchical WSN clustering protocol with an energy-aware CH selection algorithm similar to the LEACH protocol. We used Seeeduino development boards, nRF24L01 low-power RF modules and Sharp IR distance sensors. 26/27
- 54. Conclusion We implemented an event-driven, hierarchical WSN clustering protocol with an energy-aware CH selection algorithm similar to the LEACH protocol. We used Seeeduino development boards, nRF24L01 low-power RF modules and Sharp IR distance sensors. Our synchronisation mechanism solves the problems caused by the inaccuracy of the Arduino internal Timer. 26/27
- 55. Conclusion We implemented an event-driven, hierarchical WSN clustering protocol with an energy-aware CH selection algorithm similar to the LEACH protocol. We used Seeeduino development boards, nRF24L01 low-power RF modules and Sharp IR distance sensors. Our synchronisation mechanism solves the problems caused by the inaccuracy of the Arduino internal Timer. Preliminary measurement results show that the hardware choices were not optimal for this WSN Application. 26/27
- 56. Conclusion We implemented an event-driven, hierarchical WSN clustering protocol with an energy-aware CH selection algorithm similar to the LEACH protocol. We used Seeeduino development boards, nRF24L01 low-power RF modules and Sharp IR distance sensors. Our synchronisation mechanism solves the problems caused by the inaccuracy of the Arduino internal Timer. Preliminary measurement results show that the hardware choices were not optimal for this WSN Application. Although Arduino is easy to use as an experimental open-source platform, it is currently not the most appropriate platform to develop low-power WSN applications. 26/27
- 57. Questions & Answers 27/27