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PostgreSQL - Data Types

Last Updated : 14 May, 2025
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PostgreSQL is a powerful, open-source relational database management system that supports a wide variety of data types. These data types are essential for defining the nature of the data stored in a database column. which allows developers to define, store, and manipulate data in a way that aligns with the specific needs of their applications.

In this article, We will learn about the PostgreSQL Data Types in detail by understanding various Data Types in PostgreSQL and so on.

PostgreSQL Data Types

In PostgreSQL, data types are essential for determining the kind of data that can be stored in a database column. Each data type has its own characteristics, such as storage requirements, behavior, and optimization potential. Which helps in optimizing data storage ensuring data integrity and how efficiently data is accessed, stored, and processed. Here, we will look into the various data types available in PostgreSQL. The following data types are supported by PostgreSQL: 

1. Numeric Type

These types are used for storing numerical data. PostgreSQL provides various numeric types, including:

Numeric TypeDescriptionStorage SizeRangeExample Values
smallintA 2-byte integer type.2 bytes-32,768 to 32,767-100, 0, 20000
integerA 4-byte integer type (default integer type).4 bytes-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647-5000, 0, 150000
bigintAn 8-byte integer type.8 bytes-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807-1000000000, 0, 30000000000
decimal(p, s)A numeric type with user-defined precision (p) and scale (s).Variable-10^38 +1 to 10^38 -1 with up to 38 digits of precision.123.45, -987.654321
numeric(p, s)Similar to decimal, with user-defined precision and scale, representing exact numeric values.Variable-10^38 +1 to 10^38 -1 with up to 38 digits of precision.123.456, -12345.6789
realA 4-byte single precision floating-point number.4 bytes1.701411734 × 10^38 (max) to -1.701411734 × 10^38 (min).3.14, -0.001, 2.71828
double precisionAn 8-byte double precision floating-point number.8 bytes1.7976931348623157 × 10^308 (max) to -1.7976931348623157 × 10^308 (min).3.141592653589793, -1.0E-5
serialAn auto-incrementing 4-byte integer type, often used for primary keys.4 bytesSame as integer.Automatically increments by 1
bigserialAn auto-incrementing 8-byte integer type, used for large-scale primary keys.8 bytesSame as bigint.Automatically increments by 1

2. Monetary Type

Here’s a detailed overview of the monetary types available in PostgreSQL, presented in a tabular format:

Monetary TypeDescriptionStorage SizeRangeExample Values
moneyA fixed-point type used for storing currency values.8 bytes-2,147,483,648.00 to 2,147,483,647.00$1234.56, -$10.00

3. Character Types

Here’s a detailed overview of the character types available in PostgreSQL, presented in a tabular format:

Character TypeDescriptionStorage SizeMaximum LengthExample Values
char(n)A fixed-length character type. If the string is shorter than n, it is padded with spaces.n + 1 bytes (1 byte per character plus 1 byte for length)1 to 8,000'A', 'Hello ' (padded)
varchar(n)A variable-length character type. It can store strings with a maximum length of n.1 + actual length (1 byte for length)1 to 8,000'Alice', 'Bob'
textA variable-length character type with no specific length limit.1 + actual length (1 byte for length)No limit'This is a long text string.'

4. Binary Types

Binary types in PostgreSQL are used to store raw binary data. The bytea type is specifically designed for this purpose, allowing you to store byte arrays for applications that need to manage non-text data, such as images, audio, and other multimedia files.

Binary TypeDescriptionStorage SizeMaximum LengthExample Values
byteaStores binary data (byte array).VariableNo limit'\xDEADBEEF', '\x00FF'

5. Date/Time Types

PostgreSQL provides several date and time types to handle temporal data effectively. These types are essential for applications that require accurate time tracking, such as event scheduling, logging, and historical data analysis.

Date/Time TypeDescriptionStorage SizeRangeExample Values
dateStores calendar dates (year, month, day).4 bytes4713 BC to 5874897 AD2024-10-08
timeStores time of day (hour, minute, second).8 bytes00:00:00 to 24:00:00 (with or without time zone)13:45:30, 12:00:00
timestampStores both date and time (without time zone).8 bytes4713 BC to 5874897 AD2024-10-08 14:30:00
timestamptzStores both date and time (with time zone).8 bytes4713 BC to 5874897 AD2024-10-08 14:30:00-05
intervalRepresents a span of time (days, hours, minutes, seconds).Variable-178000 years to 178000 years1 day, 2 hours 30 mins

6. Boolean Types

Boolean types in PostgreSQL store truth values which can be either true or false. The boolean type is simple yet powerful for conditional checks and decision-making in applications.

Boolean TypeDescriptionStorage SizeExample Values
booleanStores true, false, and null values.1 bytetrue, false, NULL

7. Enumerated Types

Enumerated types (enums) allow us to define a data type with a static, ordered set of values. This is useful for situations where a column must contain one of a limited set of predefined values enhancing data integrity and readability.

Enumerated TypeDescriptionStorage SizeExample Values
enumA user-defined type that consists of a static, ordered set of values.Variable'small', 'medium', 'large'

8. Geometric Types

Geometric types in PostgreSQL are used to store two-dimensional geometric data. These types are ideal for applications involving spatial data, such as geographic information systems (GIS), computer graphics, and geometric modeling.

Geometric TypeDescriptionStorage SizeExample Values
pointRepresents a point in a 2D space (x, y).16 bytes(1, 2), (3.5, 4.5)
lineRepresents an infinite line in 2D space.32 bytesline(1, 2)
lsegRepresents a line segment in 2D space.32 byteslseg((1, 2), (3, 4))
boxRepresents a rectangular box in 2D space.32 bytesbox((1, 2), (3, 4))
pathRepresents a path (open or closed) in 2D space.Variablepath((1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6))
polygonRepresents a polygon in 2D space.Variablepolygon((1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2))
circleRepresents a circle in 2D space (center, radius).32 bytescircle((1, 1), 5)

Conclusion

In conclusion, PostgreSQL's extensive range of data types equips developers with the tools to store and manage various kinds of data effectively. Understanding these data types is crucial for creating efficient database designs, enhancing performance, and ensuring data integrity.


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