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DG: minor rewording edits to introduction
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gap-analysis/index.md

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MathML is used by VoiceOver, Orca, JAWS, and NVDA to provide accessible math on the web. A large majority of math on the web is now accessible thanks to MathJaX and the tricks it uses to render the math visibly in all browsers but to hide the "span soup" it uses for display yet still expose MathML to AT. The MathML WG is working on defining [MathML Core](https://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-core/) to solve the issues with displaying MathML on the web. This document focuses on ways to improve the *accessibility* of MathML in cases where the presentation of the mathematical expression is ambiguous; notational ambiguity is discussed below.
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Since its beginnings in 1998, MathML has had two parts: Presentation MathML which describes the arrangement of math symbols, and Content MathML describes the composition of math operators. These two subsets of MathML carry complementary information and can be used separately, or combined using Parallel Markup (described below). Neither of these forms carries adequate information to provide unambiguous accessible output. While some semantic information is explicit or can be inferred, other aspects of the semantics must be provided by an author to resolve ambiguities in conventional math notation to make the MathML encoding more fully accessible. This document examines two central questions:
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Since its beginnings in 1998, MathML has had two parts: Presentation MathML which describes the arrangement of math symbols, and Content MathML describes the composition of math operators. These two subsets of MathML carry complementary information and can be used separately, or combined using Parallel Markup (described below). Neither of these forms carries adequate information to provide unambiguous accessible output. While some mathematical concepts are explicit or can be inferred, the general problem of understanding mathematical notation is too hard for present-day systems. For the hard cases, annotations need to be provided by an author. This document examines two central questions:
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* What additional semantic information is needed beyond current MathML and how should it be encoded?
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* What additional information is needed beyond current MathML and how should it be encoded?
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* How should that information be communicated to an end user to provide greater access to math content, especially for vocalization of math by Assistive Technology (AT) such as screen readers?
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This document makes no conclusions. It lists some of the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches presented. The reader is invited to comment on those approaches and/or provide alternatives as the WG wants to come to a solution that works within the web platform to address the problems noted below.
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The goal is to allow authors/authoring tools the ability to capture, in MathML, enough information so that an expression can be correctly rendered by screen reader applications. It is likely that additional information that aids accessibility can also be used to improve search of mathematical expressions, but the focus of this document is on enhancing accessibility.
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The goal is to allow authors/authoring tools the ability to capture, in MathML, enough information so that an expression can be correctly rendered by screen reader applications. It is likely that further applications may be enabled with the same annotations, but the focus of this document is on enhancing accessibility.
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The Working Group is committed to backwards compatibility. Any solution to these problems should not invalidate old documents, but should allow progressive enhancement of existing content. Moreover, authors should be able to enhance the math contained in their documents as little or as much as they choose.
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The Working Group is committed to backwards compatibility. Any solution to these problems should not invalidate old documents, but should allow progressive enhancement of existing content. Moreover, to allow flexible and progressive adoption, authors should be able to enhance the math contained in their documents as little or as much as they choose.
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In the following sections, this document discusses the current state of Web math APIs, how AT renders math, and the problems that ambiguous math presents to AT/users. It explores some ideas based on ARIA and CSS, and parallel MathML markup. It also presents a potential MathML extension to solve the ambiguity issues. Although not the focus of this document, there are areas such as search and computation that potentially can be enhanced by a solution that enhances accessibility and this is discussed at the end of the document.
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In the following sections, this document discusses the current state of Web math APIs, how AT renders math, and the problems that ambiguous math presents to AT/users. It explores some ideas based on ARIA and CSS, and parallel MathML markup. It also presents a new potential extension for presentation MathML.
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## Current State
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