For example, elements containing curly braces, commas (or the data type's
delimiter character), double quotes, backslashes, or leading or trailing
whitespace must be double-quoted. Empty strings and strings matching the
- word NULL must be quoted, too. To put a double quote or
- backslash in a quoted array element value, use escape string syntax
- and precede it with a backslash. Alternatively, you can avoid quotes and use
+ word NULL must be quoted, too. To put a double
+ quote or backslash in a quoted array element value, precede it
+ with a backslash. Alternatively, you can avoid quotes and use
backslash-escaping to protect all data characters that would otherwise
be taken as array syntax.
non-whitespace characters of an element, is not ignored.
-
- Remember that what you write in an SQL command will first be interpreted
- as a string literal, and then as an array. This doubles the number of
- backslashes you need. For example, to insert a text array
- value containing a backslash and a double quote, you'd need to write:
-INSERT ... VALUES (E'{"\\\\","\\""}');
-
- The escape string processor removes one level of backslashes, so that
- what arrives at the array-value parser looks like {"\\","\""}.
- In turn, the strings fed to the text data type's input routine
- become \ and " respectively. (If we were working
- with a data type whose input routine also treated backslashes specially,
- bytea for example, we might need as many as eight backslashes
- in the command to get one backslash into the stored array element.)
- Dollar quoting (see ) can be
- used to avoid the need to double backslashes.
-
-
-
The ARRAY constructor syntax (see
strings are distinguished from character strings in two
ways. First, binary strings specifically allow storing
octets of value zero and other non-printable
- octets (usually, octets outside the range 32 to 126).
+ octets (usually, octets outside the decimal range 32 to 126).
Character strings disallow zero octets, and also disallow any
other octet values and sequences of octet values that are invalid
according to the database's selected character set encoding.
- The bytea type supports two external formats for
- input and output:
PostgreSQL's historical
- escape
format, and hex
format. Both
+ The bytea type supports two
+ formats for input and output: hex
format
+ and
PostgreSQL's historical
+ escape
format. Both
of these are always accepted on input. The output format depends
on the configuration parameter ;
the default is hex. (Note that the hex format was introduced in
Example:
-SELECT E'\\xDEADBEEF';
+SELECT '\xDEADBEEF';
convenient. But in practice it is usually confusing because it
fuzzes up the distinction between binary strings and character
strings, and also the particular escape mechanism that was chosen is
- somewhat unwieldy. So this format should probably be avoided
+ somewhat unwieldy. Therefore, this format should probably be avoided
for most new applications.
octal value and precede it
by a backslash (or two backslashes, if writing the value as a
literal using escape string syntax).
- Backslash itself (octet value 92) can alternatively be represented by
+ Backslash itself (octet decimal value 92) can alternatively be represented by
double backslashes.
shows the characters that must be escaped, and gives the alternative
|
0
zero octet
- E'\\000'
- SELECT E'\\000'::bytea;
- \000
+ '\000'
+ SELECT '\000'::bytea;
+ \x00
|
39
single quote
- '''' or E'\\047'
- SELECT E'\''::bytea;
- '
+ '''' or '\047'
+ SELECT ''''::bytea;
+ \x27
|
92
backslash
- E'\\\\' or E'\\134'
- SELECT E'\\\\'::bytea;
- \\
+ '\' or '\\134'
+ SELECT '\\'::bytea;
+ \x5c
|
0 to 31 and 127 to 255
non-printable
octets
- E'\\xxx' (octal value)
- SELECT E'\\001'::bytea;
- \001
+ '\xxx' (octal value)
+ SELECT '\001'::bytea;
+ \x01
of escaping.) The remaining backslash is then recognized by the
bytea input function as starting either a three
digit octal value or escaping another backslash. For example,
- a string literal passed to the server as E'\\001'
+ a string literal passed to the server as '\001'
becomes \001 after passing through the
escape string parser. The \001 is then sent
to the bytea input function, where it is converted
- Bytea octets are sometimes escaped when output. In general, each
- non-printable
octet is converted into
- its equivalent three-digit octal value and preceded by one backslash.
- Most printable
octets are represented by their standard
- representation in the client character set. The octet with decimal
- value 92 (backslash) is doubled in the output.
+ Bytea octets are output in hex
+ format by default. If you change
+ to escape,
+ non-printable
octet are converted to
+ equivalent three-digit octal value and preceded by one backslash.
+ Most printable
octets are output by their standard
+ representation in the client character set, e.g.:
+
+SET bytea_output = 'escape';
+
+SELECT 'abc \153\154\155 \052\251\124'::bytea;
+ bytea
+----------------
+ abc klm *\251T
+
+
+ The octet with decimal value 92 (backslash) is doubled in the output.
Details are in .
92
backslash
\\
- SELECT E'\\134'::bytea;
+ SELECT '\134'::bytea;
\\
0 to 31 and 127 to 255
non-printable
octets
\xxx (octal value)
- SELECT E'\\001'::bytea;
+ SELECT '\001'::bytea;
\001
32 to 126
printable
octets
client character set representation
- SELECT E'\\176'::bytea;
+ SELECT '\176'::bytea;
~
octal sequences (\nnn) and
doubles backslashes.
- encode(E'123\\000\\001', 'base64')
+ encode('123\000\001', 'base64')
MTIzAAE=
the delimiter. See for more
information.
- regexp_split_to_array('hello world', E'\\s+')
+ regexp_split_to_array('hello world', '\s+')
{hello,world}
the delimiter. See for more
information.
- regexp_split_to_table('hello world', E'\\s+')
+ regexp_split_to_table('hello world', '\s+')
SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'Foo bar', E'O\'Reilly');
Result: INSERT INTO "Foo bar" VALUES('O''Reilly')
-SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'locations', E'C:\\Program Files');
-Result: INSERT INTO locations VALUES(E'C:\\Program Files')
+SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'locations', 'C:\Program Files');
+Result: INSERT INTO locations VALUES('C:\Program Files')
concatenation
- E'\\\\Post'::bytea || E'\\047gres\\000'::bytea
+ '\\Post'::bytea || '\047gres\000'::bytea
\\Post'gres\000
int
Number of bytes in binary string
- octet_length(E'jo\\000se'::bytea)
+ octet_length('jo\000se'::bytea)
5
Replace substring
- overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 2 for 3)
+ overlay('Th\000omas'::bytea placing '\002\003'::bytea from 2 for 3)
T\\002\\003mas
int
Location of specified substring
- position(E'\\000om'::bytea in E'Th\\000omas'::bytea)
+ position('\000om'::bytea in 'Th\000omas'::bytea)
3
Extract substring
- substring(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea from 2 for 3)
+ substring('Th\000omas'::bytea from 2 for 3)
h\000o
- trim(E'\\000\\001'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\001'::bytea)
+ trim('\000\001'::bytea from '\000Tom\001'::bytea)
Tom
bytes from the start and end of
- btrim(E'\\000trim\\001'::bytea, E'\\000\\001'::bytea)
+ btrim('\000trim\001'::bytea, '\000\001'::bytea)
trim
Decode binary data from textual representation in
string.
Options for
format are same as in
encode.
- decode(E'123\\000456', 'escape')
+ decode('123\000456', 'escape')
123\000456
octal sequences (\nnn) and
doubles backslashes.
- encode(E'123\\000456'::bytea, 'escape')
+ encode('123\000456'::bytea, 'escape')
123\000456
Extract bit from string
- get_bit(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea, 45)
+ get_bit('Th\000omas'::bytea, 45)
1
Extract byte from string
- get_byte(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea, 4)
+ get_byte('Th\000omas'::bytea, 4)
109
binary strings, length
- length(E'jo\\000se'::bytea)
+ length('jo\000se'::bytea)
5
Calculates the MD5 hash of
string,
returning the result in hexadecimal
- md5(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea)
+ md5('Th\000omas'::bytea)
8ab2d3c9689aaf18b4958c334c82d8b1
Set bit in string
- set_bit(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea, 45, 0)
+ set_bit('Th\000omas'::bytea, 45, 0)
Th\000omAs
Set byte in string
- set_byte(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea, 4, 64)
+ set_byte('Th\000omas'::bytea, 4, 64)
Th\000o@as
fooXbaz
regexp_replace('foobarbaz', 'b..', 'X', 'g')
fooXX
-regexp_replace('foobarbaz', 'b(..)', E'X\\1Y', 'g')
+regexp_replace('foobarbaz', 'b(..)', 'X\1Y', 'g')
fooXarYXazY
Some examples:
-SELECT foo FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', E'\\s+') AS foo;
+SELECT foo FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '\s+') AS foo;
foo
-------
the
dog
(9 rows)
-SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', E'\\s+');
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '\s+');
regexp_split_to_array
-----------------------------------------------
{the,quick,brown,fox,jumps,over,the,lazy,dog}
(1 row)
-SELECT foo FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox', E'\\s*') AS foo;
+SELECT foo FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox', '\s*') AS foo;
foo
-----
t
Create a large object and store data there, returning its OID.
Pass 0 to have the system choose an OID.
- lo_from_bytea(0, E'\\xffffff00')
+ lo_from_bytea(0, '\xffffff00')
24528
Write data at the given offset.
- lo_put(24528, 1, E'\\xaa')
+ lo_put(24528, 1, '\xaa')
containing a double quote and a backslash in a composite
value, you'd need to write:
-INSERT ... VALUES (E'("\\"\\\\")');
+INSERT ... VALUES ('("\"\\")');
The string-literal processor removes one level of backslashes, so that
what arrives at the composite-value parser looks like
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