doc: add section about heap-only tuples (HOT)

Reported-by: Jonathan S. Katz
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/c59ffbd5-96ac-a5a5-a401-14f627ca1405@postgresql.org

Backpatch-through: 11

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml
index 9ed148ab8420114ba5210b89c9ff3d09dd33eb44..2df6559accce57af2304f4a4cbef4b711c390275 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/acronyms.sgml
@@ -299,9 +299,7 @@
     HOT
     
      
-      
-      url="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT;hb=HEAD">Heap-Only
-      Tuples
+      Heap-Only Tuples
      
     
    


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml

index a9200ee52e6c5270d62a6d18dd01e4f1b11c81f9..6f608a14bf318834080e954a2acb30e9abb6533d 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml
@@ -639,7 +639,8 @@ options(relopts local_relopts *) returns
    accumulate and adversely affect query latency and throughput.  This
    typically occurs with UPDATE-heavy workloads
    where most individual updates cannot apply the
-   HOT optimization.  Changing the value of only
+   HOT optimization.
+   Changing the value of only
    one column covered by one index during an UPDATE
    always necessitates a new set of index tuples
    — one for each and every index on the


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml

index cd2cc37aebd83a1c671f5d8a8d1cbecd5d25f3e8..ff0ed65772f084be044b49cbb79609e56934c171 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -4381,7 +4381,7 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<iteration count>:&l
       
        If true, queries must not use the index until the xmin
        of this pg_index row is below their TransactionXmin
-       event horizon, because the table may contain broken HOT chains with
+       event horizon, because the table may contain broken HOT chains with
        incompatible rows that they can see
       
      


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml

index 6150e57d713ddadd89b29fa8bb34786713e88e9e..a5cd4e44c71ab7953d801791d87109659ea5e278 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -4491,7 +4491,8 @@ ANY num_sync ( 
       
        
         Specifies the number of transactions by which VACUUM and
-        HOT updates will defer cleanup of dead row versions. The
+        HOT updates
+        will defer cleanup of dead row versions. The
         default is zero transactions, meaning that dead row versions can be
         removed as soon as possible, that is, as soon as they are no longer
         visible to any open transaction.  You may wish to set this to a


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml

index cf359fa9ffd9701541ddbd8accd28120debb8af2..4f83970c85147e4e6f629df3a9469f121a48c59b 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@
    extant versions of the same logical row; to an index, each tuple is
    an independent object that needs its own index entry.  Thus, an
    update of a row always creates all-new index entries for the row, even if
-   the key values did not change.  (HOT tuples are an exception to this
+   the key values did not change.  (HOT
+   tuples are an exception to this
    statement; but indexes do not deal with those, either.)  Index entries for
    dead tuples are reclaimed (by vacuuming) when the dead tuples themselves
    are reclaimed.


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml

index 023157d8884e98b0c8aaf4e90ffd215ef11dc6c9..2a70e02f7c4d7f724ce31cbb183e22a4c5e7e7c0 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
@@ -103,7 +103,9 @@ CREATE INDEX test1_id_index ON test1 (id);
 
   
    After an index is created, the system has to keep it synchronized with the
-   table.  This adds overhead to data manipulation operations.
+   table.  This adds overhead to data manipulation operations.  Indexes can
+   also prevent the creation of heap-only
+   tuples.
    Therefore indexes that are seldom or never used in queries
    should be removed.
   
@@ -749,7 +751,7 @@ CREATE INDEX people_names ON people ((first_name || ' ' || last_name));
   
    Index expressions are relatively expensive to maintain, because the
    derived expression(s) must be computed for each row insertion
-   and non-HOT update.  However, the index expressions are
+   and non-HOT update.  However, the index expressions are
    not recomputed during an indexed search, since they are
    already stored in the index.  In both examples above, the system
    sees the query as just WHERE indexedcolumn = 'constant'


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml

index a6e7e3b69d74d7506fbfc53025ce3d6bed8702aa..1d9509a2f66b2dc3e0eaa05f1c66541b4f7145c0 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
@@ -4426,7 +4426,7 @@ SELECT pid, wait_event_type, wait_event FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE wait_event i
        n_tup_upd bigint
       
       
-       Number of rows updated (includes HOT updated rows)
+       Number of rows updated (includes HOT updated rows)
       
      
 


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml

index 6bbf15ed1a48b2efbf27b79f306ce8cc818958dc..c14b2010d81d59afcd3824a94cc97e1856845c84 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
@@ -1435,7 +1435,9 @@ WITH ( MODULUS numeric_literal, REM
       to the indicated percentage; the remaining space on each page is
       reserved for updating rows on that page.  This gives UPDATE
       a chance to place the updated copy of a row on the same page as the
-      original, which is more efficient than placing it on a different page.
+      original, which is more efficient than placing it on a different
+      page, and makes heap-only tuple
+      updates more likely.
       For a table whose entries are never updated, complete packing is the
       best choice, but in heavily updated tables smaller fillfactors are
       appropriate.  This parameter cannot be set for TOAST tables.


diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml

index f4b9f665899cb8cc6db20c9a1742ab10bf0ee6b7..e5b9f3f1ffa4966638d2f5465dfbeec9f924eaba 100644 (file)

--- a/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml
@@ -1075,4 +1075,74 @@ data. Empty in ordinary tables.
  
 
 
+
+
+ Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</acronym>)
+
+ 
+  To allow for high concurrency, PostgreSQL
+  uses multiversion concurrency
+  control (MVCC) to store rows.  However,
+  MVCC has some downsides for update queries.
+  Specifically, updates require new versions of rows to be added to
+  tables.  This can also require new index entries for each updated row,
+  and removal of old versions of rows and their index entries can be
+  expensive.
+ 
+
+ 
+  To help reduce the overhead of updates,
+  PostgreSQL has an optimization called
+  heap-only tuples (HOT).  This optimization is
+  possible when:
+
+  
+   
+    
+     The update does not modify any columns referenced by the table's
+     indexes, including expression and partial indexes.
+     
+   
+   
+    
+     There is sufficient free space on the page containing the old row
+     for the updated row.
+    
+   
+  
+
+  In such cases, heap-only tuples provide two optimizations:
+
+  
+   
+    
+     New index entries are not needed to represent updated rows.
+    
+   
+   
+    
+     Old versions of updated rows can be completely removed during normal
+     operation, including SELECTs, instead of requiring
+     periodic vacuum operations.  (This is possible because indexes
+     do not reference their page
+     item identifiers.)
+    
+   
+  
+ 
+
+ 
+  In summary, heap-only tuple updates can only be created
+  if columns used by indexes are not updated.  You can
+  increase the likelihood of sufficient page space for
+  HOT updates by decreasing a table's 
+  linkend="sql-createtable">fillfactor.
+  If you don't, HOT updates will still happen because
+  new rows will naturally migrate to new pages and existing pages with
+  sufficient free space for new row versions.  The system view 
+  linkend="monitoring-pg-stat-all-tables-view">pg_stat_all_tables
+  allows monitoring of the occurrence of HOT and non-HOT updates.
+ 
+
+
 




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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml
index a9200ee52e6c5270d62a6d18dd01e4f1b11c81f9..6f608a14bf318834080e954a2acb30e9abb6533d 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/btree.sgml
@@ -639,7 +639,8 @@ options(relopts local_relopts *) returns
    accumulate and adversely affect query latency and throughput.  This
    typically occurs with UPDATE-heavy workloads
    where most individual updates cannot apply the
-   HOT optimization.  Changing the value of only
+   HOT optimization.
+   Changing the value of only
    one column covered by one index during an UPDATE
    always necessitates a new set of index tuples
    — one for each and every index on the

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index cd2cc37aebd83a1c671f5d8a8d1cbecd5d25f3e8..ff0ed65772f084be044b49cbb79609e56934c171 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -4381,7 +4381,7 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<iteration count>:&l
       
        If true, queries must not use the index until the xmin
        of this pg_index row is below their TransactionXmin
-       event horizon, because the table may contain broken HOT chains with
+       event horizon, because the table may contain broken HOT chains with
        incompatible rows that they can see
       
      

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 6150e57d713ddadd89b29fa8bb34786713e88e9e..a5cd4e44c71ab7953d801791d87109659ea5e278 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -4491,7 +4491,8 @@ ANY num_sync ( 
       
        
         Specifies the number of transactions by which VACUUM and
-        HOT updates will defer cleanup of dead row versions. The
+        HOT updates
+        will defer cleanup of dead row versions. The
         default is zero transactions, meaning that dead row versions can be
         removed as soon as possible, that is, as soon as they are no longer
         visible to any open transaction.  You may wish to set this to a

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml
index cf359fa9ffd9701541ddbd8accd28120debb8af2..4f83970c85147e4e6f629df3a9469f121a48c59b 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@
    extant versions of the same logical row; to an index, each tuple is
    an independent object that needs its own index entry.  Thus, an
    update of a row always creates all-new index entries for the row, even if
-   the key values did not change.  (HOT tuples are an exception to this
+   the key values did not change.  (HOT
+   tuples are an exception to this
    statement; but indexes do not deal with those, either.)  Index entries for
    dead tuples are reclaimed (by vacuuming) when the dead tuples themselves
    are reclaimed.

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
index 023157d8884e98b0c8aaf4e90ffd215ef11dc6c9..2a70e02f7c4d7f724ce31cbb183e22a4c5e7e7c0 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
@@ -103,7 +103,9 @@ CREATE INDEX test1_id_index ON test1 (id);
 
   
    After an index is created, the system has to keep it synchronized with the
-   table.  This adds overhead to data manipulation operations.
+   table.  This adds overhead to data manipulation operations.  Indexes can
+   also prevent the creation of heap-only
+   tuples.
    Therefore indexes that are seldom or never used in queries
    should be removed.
   
@@ -749,7 +751,7 @@ CREATE INDEX people_names ON people ((first_name || ' ' || last_name));
   
    Index expressions are relatively expensive to maintain, because the
    derived expression(s) must be computed for each row insertion
-   and non-HOT update.  However, the index expressions are
+   and non-HOT update.  However, the index expressions are
    not recomputed during an indexed search, since they are
    already stored in the index.  In both examples above, the system
    sees the query as just WHERE indexedcolumn = 'constant'

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
index a6e7e3b69d74d7506fbfc53025ce3d6bed8702aa..1d9509a2f66b2dc3e0eaa05f1c66541b4f7145c0 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
@@ -4426,7 +4426,7 @@ SELECT pid, wait_event_type, wait_event FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE wait_event i
        n_tup_upd bigint
       
       
-       Number of rows updated (includes HOT updated rows)
+       Number of rows updated (includes HOT updated rows)
       
      
 

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
index 6bbf15ed1a48b2efbf27b79f306ce8cc818958dc..c14b2010d81d59afcd3824a94cc97e1856845c84 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
@@ -1435,7 +1435,9 @@ WITH ( MODULUS numeric_literal, REM
       to the indicated percentage; the remaining space on each page is
       reserved for updating rows on that page.  This gives UPDATE
       a chance to place the updated copy of a row on the same page as the
-      original, which is more efficient than placing it on a different page.
+      original, which is more efficient than placing it on a different
+      page, and makes heap-only tuple
+      updates more likely.
       For a table whose entries are never updated, complete packing is the
       best choice, but in heavily updated tables smaller fillfactors are
       appropriate.  This parameter cannot be set for TOAST tables.

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml
index f4b9f665899cb8cc6db20c9a1742ab10bf0ee6b7..e5b9f3f1ffa4966638d2f5465dfbeec9f924eaba 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/storage.sgml
@@ -1075,4 +1075,74 @@ data. Empty in ordinary tables.
  
 
 
+
+
+ Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</acronym>)
+
+ 
+  To allow for high concurrency, PostgreSQL
+  uses multiversion concurrency
+  control (MVCC) to store rows.  However,
+  MVCC has some downsides for update queries.
+  Specifically, updates require new versions of rows to be added to
+  tables.  This can also require new index entries for each updated row,
+  and removal of old versions of rows and their index entries can be
+  expensive.
+ 
+
+ 
+  To help reduce the overhead of updates,
+  PostgreSQL has an optimization called
+  heap-only tuples (HOT).  This optimization is
+  possible when:
+
+  
+   
+    
+     The update does not modify any columns referenced by the table's
+     indexes, including expression and partial indexes.
+     
+   
+   
+    
+     There is sufficient free space on the page containing the old row
+     for the updated row.
+    
+   
+  
+
+  In such cases, heap-only tuples provide two optimizations:
+
+  
+   
+    
+     New index entries are not needed to represent updated rows.
+    
+   
+   
+    
+     Old versions of updated rows can be completely removed during normal
+     operation, including SELECTs, instead of requiring
+     periodic vacuum operations.  (This is possible because indexes
+     do not reference their page
+     item identifiers.)
+    
+   
+  
+ 
+
+ 
+  In summary, heap-only tuple updates can only be created
+  if columns used by indexes are not updated.  You can
+  increase the likelihood of sufficient page space for
+  HOT updates by decreasing a table's 
+  linkend="sql-createtable">fillfactor.
+  If you don't, HOT updates will still happen because
+  new rows will naturally migrate to new pages and existing pages with
+  sufficient free space for new row versions.  The system view 
+  linkend="monitoring-pg-stat-all-tables-view">pg_stat_all_tables
+  allows monitoring of the occurrence of HOT and non-HOT updates.
+ 
+
+